@Article{Muralikrishna:2006:ElTeVa,
               author = "Muralikrishna, Polinaya",
          affiliation = "Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Divis{\~a}o de 
                         Aeronomia (INPE.DAE)",
                title = "Electron temperature variations in developing plasma 
                         bubbles-rocket observations from Brazil",
              journal = "Advances in Space Research",
                 year = "2006",
               volume = "37",
               number = "5",
                pages = "903--909",
             keywords = "Electron temperature, Plasma bubble, Ionosphere, F-region, 
                         Langmuir probe, Electron density.",
             abstract = "In situ measurements of the height variation of the ionospheric 
                         electron density and electron temperature were made on 18th 
                         December, 1995 at 2117 h (LT) from the equatorial station 
                         Alcantara (2.31°S; 44.4°W) in Brazil, with a rocket-borne Langmuir 
                         probe. The main objective of the measurement was to study the 
                         height variation of the ionospheric electron density and electron 
                         temperature under ionospheric conditions favourable for the 
                         development of plasma bubbles. The rocket reached an apogee 
                         altitude of 557 km covering a horizontal range of 589 km. The 
                         upleg electron density profile showed the presence of a clearly 
                         defined base for the F-region around 300 km, while the downleg 
                         profile showed the presence of several plasma bubbles in this 
                         height region as well as in the upper F-region. Electron 
                         temperature was estimated by applying a sweep potential varying 
                         from \−1.5 to +2.5 V in about 2.5 s, to the Langmuir probe. 
                         During the rocket upleg the base of the F-region showed abnormally 
                         large electron temperatures reaching more than 3000 K just below 
                         the F-peak at 300 km. The maximum electron temperature observed 
                         above the F-peak was only about 750 K close to the rocket apogee. 
                         During the downleg relatively larger temperatures were observed 
                         inside the plasma bubbles, especially at the top side of the 
                         bubbles. Bottom side of the bubbles were associated with 
                         relatively lower electron temperatures. The region below the base 
                         of the F-region seems to be associated with very large electron 
                         temperatures just before the development of plasma bubbles. Once 
                         the bubbles develop and start rising up the electron temperature 
                         falls down except inside the plasma bubbles. Rising bubbles seem 
                         to have larger electron temperatures inside especially on their 
                         top sides. Bubble regions are associated with relatively larger 
                         electron temperatures in comparison with the regions outside the 
                         bubbles. Possible reasons for the higher electron temperature 
                         observed inside a plasma bubble could be larger particle 
                         precipitation often observed close to the South Atlantic Magnetic 
                         Anomaly region, heating by photoelectrons or the operation of 
                         various plasma instability mechanisms that can result in the 
                         transfer of wave energy into the kinetic energy of electrons.",
           copyholder = "SID/SCD",
                 issn = "0273-1177",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "Electron temperature variations.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "21 maio 2024"
}